Archive for 8 Energy Intensive Industries

Energy-Efficiency Technologies and Benchmarking the Energy Intensity for the Textile Industry

Abstract The textile industry is a complicated manufacturing industry because it is a fragmented and heterogeneous sector dominated by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Energy is one of the main cost factors in the textile industry. In this study, thirteen textile plants from five major sub-sectors of the textile industry in Iran, i.e. spinning, weaving, wet-processing, worsted fabric manufacturing, and carpet manufacturing, were visited. The energy intensity of each plant was calculated and compared against other plants within the same sub-sector. The results showed the range of energy intensities for plants in each sub-sector. It also showed that energy saving/management efforts should be focused on motor-driven systems in spinning plants, whereas in other textile sub-sectors thermal energy is the dominant type of energy used and should be focused on. For conducting a fair and proper comparison/ benchmarking studies, factors that significantly influence the energy intensity across plants within each textile sub-sector (explanatory variables) are explained. Finally, a list of energy efficiency improvement measures observed during this study are presented.
Date 2012 06
Author Hasanbeigi, Ali
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-5753e-textile-ee-techjune-2012.pdf
Series LBNL Report 5753E
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.6 Manufacturing Sectors

The Sino-US CFC-Free Super-Efficient Refrigerator Project Progress Report: Prototype Development and Testing

Abstract This report describes the Sino-US project to promote the transformation of the Chinese domestic refrigerator industry to the production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free, super-efficient models. Technologies examined in this effort include non-CFC refrigerants and foam-blowing agents, alternate refrigeration cycles, more efficient compressors, optimization of condenser and evaporator designs, increased insulation thickness, and improvements to door gaskets and controls. Work completed through December 1995 at the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute (CHEARI), the Haier Group, and the University of Maryland (U. Of Md.) includes the building and testing of Chinese refrigerators that contain a wide variety of energy efficiency improvements and no CFCs. Chinese consumer opinion research on the marketing of ozone-friendly, energy-efficient refrigerators has also been undertaken. Field testing was undertaken for one year in three Chinese cities to test the performance of units under actual operating conditions.
Date 1997
Author Fine, H. Alan
Publisher United States Environmental Protection Agency Report
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/epa-ee-ac-project1997.pdf
Series EPA 430-R-97-032
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

Technical and Economic Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Chinese Room Air Conditioners

Abstract China has experienced tremendous growth in the production and sales of room air conditioners over the last decade. Although minimum room air conditioner energy efficiency standards have been in effect since 1989, no efforts were made during most of the 1990’s to update the standard to be more reflective of current market conditions. But in 1999, China’s State Bureau of Technical Supervision (SBTU) included in their 1999 plan the development and revision of the 1989 room air conditioner standard. SBTS signed an agreement with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) for an air conditioner standards training program, supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Date 2001 02
Author Fridley, David
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-45550-economic-analysis-acfeb-2001.pdf
Series Report LBNL-45550
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

Made for China: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels for Household Appliances

Abstract Since 1989, China has developed one of the most comprehensive appliance standards and labeling programs in the developing world. The program includes minimum energy efficiency standards, a voluntary endorsement label, and a proposed information label. The minimum energy efficiency standards are mandatory and have been issued for 9 types of appliance and lighting products. The voluntary endorsement label has been issued for 15 types of appliances, lighting, and industrial products. The information label is under development and  is likely to be implemented as a pilot  program in 2003
Date 2002
Author Lin, Jiang
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

Feasibility Study on ‘Reach’ Energy Efficiency Standards of Fans, Pumps, and Air Compressors

Abstract The China National Institute of Standardization carried out a ‘Feasibility Study on ‘Reach’ Energy Efficiency Standards of Fans, Pumps, and Air Compressors’ in May 2005. The project staff developed a model analysis of the energy-consumption and economic benefits of energy savings based on a market survey of fans, pumps and air compressors in China, and drafted a timetable of energy savings. The following paper provides policy recommendations based on analysis of international best practices and the main barriers to China’s reach energy efficiency standard establishment and implementation.
Date 2005 03
Author
Publisher China Sustainable Energy Programme
Link http://www.efchina.org/csepupfiles/report/2006102695218629.8528254806807.pdf/TechRpt_07383_CNIS_EN.pdf
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

Mitigating Carbon Emissions: the Potential of Improving Efficiency of Household Appliances in China

Abstract China is already the second largest energy consumer and emitter of the greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world after the United States, and its demand for energy is expected to continue to grow rapidly in the foreseeable future, due to its fast economic growth and its low level of energy use per capita. It is widely expected that China is likely to overtake the US in energy consumption and GHG emissions during the first half of the 21st century. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the international community in searching for options that may help China slow down its growth in energy consumption and GHG emissions through energy efficiency improvement and adopting more environmentally friendly fuel supplies such as renewable energy. This study examines the energy saving potential of three major residential energy end-uses: household refrigeration, air-conditioning, and water heating.
Date 2006 07
Author Lin, Jiang
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-60973-appliannce-co2-reductionjuly-2006.pdf
Series Report LBNL-60973
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

The Impact of Air-Conditioning Use on Shanghai’s Energy Situation in 2010

Abstract Improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems, which on hot summer days account for up to 40 percent of Shanghai’s entire power load, is one of the most effective measures Shanghai could take to decrease energy usage and ease peak power loads. This report by Tongji University analyzes the impact three different policy scenarios would have on air conditioning energy consumption and air conditioning systems’ contribution to peak power load and SO2, NOx, CO2, and TSP emissions. On the basis of this analysis, the Tongji University research team recommends several policies that could help Shanghai manage air conditioner energy consumption in a way that limits peak power load and emissions to sustainable levels.
Date 2006 01
Author Long, Weiding
Publisher Tongji University
Link http://www.efchina.org/csepupfiles/report/2006102695218640.4117523205206.pdf/Tongji_University_impact_of_AC_systems_on_energy_industry.pdf
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.5 Air Conditioners and Other Domestic Appliances

Energy Use in Buildings: The U.S. Experience and Lessons for China

Abstract This paper covers three topics concerning energy use in buildings. Its main focus is that of energy use in buildings in the United States. A second section describes some of the recent results of work by one of the authors on energy performance of residential buildings in China. The third section contains suggestions for ways in which Chinese and U.S. researchers could establish fruitful collaborations on energy use in buildings.
Date 1988
Author Levine, Mark D
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-25363-building-energyjune-1988.pdf
Series Report LBNL-25363
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3.4 Buildings

A Joint US-China Demonstration Energy Efficient Office Building

Abstract In July 1998, USDOE and China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) signed a Statement of Work to develop a demonstration energy-efficient office building and demonstration center in Beijing that will eventually house the Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21 (ACCA21). The statement calls for the Chinese side to be responsible for the basic construction of the 13,000 m2 9-story building, the US side for technical assistance and the incremental costs of the energy efficiency improvements, and the joint establishment of a Demonstration Center to provide outreach and exhibit energy-efficient building technologies. The US technical team made several trips to China to meet with ACCA21 and the design team, and used the DOE-2.1E simulation program to analyze the energy performance of a preliminary building design and study alternative designs and energy-efficient strategies. A feasibility study completed in September found the largest and most cost-effective savings potentials in reducing cooling and lighting energy use, and identified eight generic measures in lighting, windows, daylighting, and HVAC systems and controls. Following these and other recommendations from the US team, the design team produced a schematic crossshaped building design that, based on the DOE-2 analysis, lowered total energy use by 40% compared to standard practice. While the design and analysis were underway, a task force called ACCORD21 (American-Chinese Council Organized for Responsible Development in the 21st Century) was formed in April 1999 under the leadership of NRDC to solicit support and contributions from U.S. industry, A/E firms, and universities. Two design workshops were held, first in Pittsburgh and then in Beijing, that brought together the Chinese and US project participants and produced further refinements and energy-efficiency improvements to the building design. As of June 2000, the authors are completing the final energy analysis and selection of energy-efficiency measures. Construction is expected to begin in the early part of 2001.
Date 2000
Author Zimmerman, Mary Beth
Publisher American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
Link http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/aceeeus-china-ee-office-buildingjuly-2000.pdf
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.4 Buildings

Development of China’s Energy Efficiency Design Standard for Residential Buildings in the “Hot-Summer/Cold-Winter” Zone

Abstract To respond to increasing energy use in the building sector, China has a national effort to develop Energy Codes for building construction. Several years ago, an Energy Code was promulgated for the northern portion of the country, where energy consumption for heating is the primary concern. In 2000-2001, an Energy Code was developed for residential buildings in the “Hot-Summer/Cold-Winter” Zone along the Yangtze River. The Compiling Team consisted of representatives from key cities within the region (Chongqing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing and Chengdu). International support was provided by the Energy Foundation, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.  This work was complicated by the fact that the “Hot-Summer/Cold-Winter” Zone area has both significant heating and cooling loads. Consequently, the “Hot-Summer/Cold-Winter” Zone Energy Code needed to be more sophisticated than the previous Energy Code adopted in China. In addition to balancing the relative importance of heating and cooling loads, the project also involved a judgment of how comfort conditions in residential buildings might be expected to improve over time. The range of energy efficiency measures that were evaluated is presented (including multiple glazing, frame and shading options for windows, and insulation options for the walls and roof). The weather data used is summarized in a companion paper. Key aspects of the code format, compliance options and requirements are outlined.
Date 2001
Author Hogan, John
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbl-building-ee-standards2001.pdf
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3.4 Buildings