| Author | Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Shanghai, Briefing Paper No.13, Friedemann Müller, February 2012 |
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| Link | http://www.fes-china.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=category&cid=84&Itemid=11&lang=en |
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| Abstract | Amidst a growing demand for energy and an increasing dependence on imports, the need to enhance energy security in Northeast Asia has become a focus of discussion for energy policy planners and energy industry players in the region. Based on this awareness, this report attempts to outline (1) the presumed demerits for Northeast Asian consuming countries (Japan, China, Korea) by working without partnerships and mutual cooperation, (2) the merits of partnerships and mutual cooperation, and then (3) analyze and examine sectors and policies for which cooperation is possible and a framework for the promotion of cooperation. Based on this analysis, this report introduces potential scenarios that will promote energy coexistence among consuming countries. Experts from Japan, China, and Korea held several meetings to develop the scenarios based on the scenario planning method. Currently, the Northeast Asian countries (Japan, China, Korea) face many challenges along the path to realizing mutual energy coexistence. However, by adopting a long-term perspective and coordinating interests, the three countries can build an even stronger state of cooperative existence. It is our sincere hope that this report can make a contribution to those efforts. |
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| Author | Strategy and Industry Research Unit, IEEJ, Institute of Energy Economics Japan; Dr. Ken Koyama (Ed), Senior Research Fellow, Director; July 2006 |
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| Link | http://www.frankhaugwitz.info/doks/general/2006_07_East_Asian_Energy_Cooperation_Senarios_Security_incl_China.pdf |
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| Abstract | This project is an independent initiative of European and Chinese research institutions to facilitate further understanding of China-EU interdependence and the potential for collaboration on energy and climate security issues. The broad aims of the project are to identify the mutual interests, challenges and opportunities for China and the EU in energy security and climate security over the next 25 years; and to produce high-quality independent analysis on the priorities for future collaboration to meet both regions’ climate and energy security goals. Changing Climates is written by the project team of the Interdependencies on Energy and Climate Security for China and Europe. The analysis and findings from this report are drawn from over twenty separate studies prepared by researchers from Chatham House, CASS, ERI, E3G and IDDRI and other institutions. |
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| Author | A Chatham House Report; Bernice Lee, Antony Froggatt et al; November 2007 |
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| Link | http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/1107climate.pdf |
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| Abstract | As the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases and two largest energy consumers in the world, joint action by China and the United States can make a tremendous contribution to addressing climate change and developing clean energy. Towards this end, the Global Environmental Institute (GEI) launched a “US-China Track II Dialogue on Climate Change.” project in December 2007. GEI facilitated two informal dialogues between senior advisors to climate issues of the two countries, and subsequently organized the Chinese government delegation to the “Governor’s Global Climate Summit 1” hosted in California. Following the summit, GEI encouraged high-level officials to carry out the diplomatic dialogue and sign the Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and Environment (MOU). |
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| Author | Global Environmental Institute, November 2009 |
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| Link | http://www.geichina.org/_upload/file/climate_change/energy_policy_chn_en.pdf |
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| Abstract | The objective of this Report is to explore the potential for addressing developing country greenhouse gas emissions at scale through bilateral ‘Joint Commitment Framework Agreements’ (JCFA). It focuses on the potential to reduce the growth of coal-based emissions in the Chinese power sector through large-scale collaboration between European and Chinese enterprises in the production of electricity from wind. The Report examines the proposition that under a Sino-European JCFA European companies will be more likely to collaborate with Chinese enterprises to transfer and develop low carbon technologies and know-how that will help to achieve jointly agreed carbon emission reductions in the Chinese power sector. |
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| Author | Benito Muller, David Robinson, Zhang Xiliang; 31 March 2010 |
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| Link | http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/EV53.pdf |
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| Abstract | In 2009 and 2010, China Development Bank (CDB) extended lines of credit totaling almost $65 billion to energy companies and government entities in Brazil, Ecuador, Russia, Turkmenistan and Venezuela. The loans are secured by revenue earned from the sale of oil at market prices to Chinese national oil companies (NOCs), except in the case of Turkmenistan, which is delivering natural gas at undisclosed prices. These energy-backed loans (EBLs) are distinguished by their large size (up to $20.6 billion), long terms (up to twenty years), the relatively short period of time in which they occurred (over a period of less than two years), and their availability at a time when many companies were cancelling or postponing major investments in oil and natural gas development because of cash flow problems and virtually no other financial institutions were willing to lend such large amounts of capital for such long terms. |
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| Author | The Brookings Institution; Downs, E. (2011) |
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| Link | http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/3/21%20china%20energy%20downs/0321_china_energy_downs.pdf |
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| Abstract | Consumption of electricity in the residential sector in China has risen faster than all other energy forms in China over the last 20 years, driven in part by the enormous increase in household appliance ownership, but few details are known about the characteristics of overall household energy use, particularly in the wake of the dramatic changes in the last two decades. Despite the growing importance of this sector to the evolution of future energy consumption patterns, few data exist about the nature and type of urban household energy consumption. This paper summarizes the initial results of a first-ever 5-city, 251-household comprehensive survey of Chinese household energy use, taken in the cities of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Yixing, and Shenyang. Focus in this paper is on analysis of the major electricity consuming products in households, but summaries of the findings on housing characteristics, space heating, air conditioning, hot water supply and use, indoor lighting, cooking, refrigeration, other appliances, house insulation, energy consumption in winter and summer months, energy prices, and household demographic information are also included. The findings support the current policy to emphasize development of minimum efficiency standards for household equipment, as energy consumption from these sources are a significant portion of the household energy budget. |
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| Author | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Debbie Brockett, David Fridley, Jieming Lin, and Jiang Lin; 2002 |
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| Link | http://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/ACEEE_buildings/2002/Panel_8/p8_3/paper |
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| Abstract | This report has two purposes: first to present a synopsis of our work to date on Making the ‘Clean Energy City’ in China, a multi—year research effort, and second to report on the work of the MIT—Tsinghua Joint Urban Design Studio held in Jinan and Beijing, China over the summer of 2010, an integral part of the research program. The overall research effort is aimed at producing new patterns of development for China’s rapid urbanization and a new tool, which we call the Energy Proforma©, by which developers and designers may measure and compare the energy performance of their projects. After having spent a year understanding the landscape of clean energy design globally, measuring energy-urban form relationships in our demonstration city of Jinan, and developing an alpha version of the tool, the studio was the first opportunity to bring all aspects of the work together. |
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| Author | Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Tsinghua University; The Energy Foundation; Research and Studio Report 2010 |
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| Link | http://www.efchina.org/csepupfiles/report/201141410444932.0461112927636.pdf/Designing%20Clean%20Energy%20Cities_MIT.pdf |
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| Abstract | In 2009, China committed to reducing its carbon dioxide intensity (CO2/unit of gross domestic product, GDP) by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 from a 2005 baseline. In March 2011, China’s 12th Five-Year Plan established a carbon intensity reduction goal of 17% between 2011 and 2015. China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) then announced the selection of five provinces and eight cities to pilot low carbon development work. Macro-level indicators of low carbon development, such as energy use or CO2 emissions per unit of GDP or per capita may be too aggregated to be meaningful measurements of whether a city or province is truly “low carbon”. Instead, indicators based on energy end-use sectors (industry, residential, commercial, transport) offer a better approach for defining “low carbon” and for taking action to reduce energy-related carbon emissions. This paper presents and tests a methodology for the development of an end-use sector-based low-carbon indicator system at the city level, providing initial results for an end-use low carbon indicator system based on data available at the municipal levels. The paper consists of a discussion of macro-level indicators that are typically used for inter-city, regional, or inter-country comparisons; the methodology used to develop a more robust low carbon indicator system for China; and the results of this indicator system. The research concludes with a discussion of issues encountered during the development of the end-use sector-based low-carbon indicator, followed by recommendations for future improvement |
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| Author | Price, Lynn; Zhou, Nan; Fridley, David; Lu, Hongyou; Zheng, Nina; Fino-Chen, Cecilia; 2012 |
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| Link | http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000364.pdf |
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| Abstract | This policy brief reveals the challenges and opportunities for small and medium-sized cities in the People’s Republic of China to pursue low-carbon development in urban management and key urban sectors. |
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| Author | Asian Development Bank Brief, No. 14; June 2013 |
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| Link | http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/low-carbon-devt-small-medium-cities-prc.pdf |
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