Author Archive
An Update on the Transport Infrastructure Development in China
| Abstract | To boost economic growth, China has massively invested in transport infrastructure in recent years. Fixed assets investment in the four major modes of transportation (road, railway, water and air) amounted to 2,200 billion yuan in 2011. Highway alone accounted for more than half of the total fixed assets investment in the four major modes of transportation, indicating the importance of road transportation in the development of transport infrastructure in China. Among all, investment in railway in 2011 dropped the most, owing to the slowdown in high speed railway (HSR)* construction projects in China. The railway market has been facing funding shortages due to uncertain policy and credit curbs, particularly after the fatal Wenzhou accident in July 2011. Nonetheless, China’s Ministry of Railways (MOR) announced plans. |
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| Date | 2012 11 |
| Author | |
| Publisher | Li & Fung Research Centre |
| Link | http://www.funggroup.com/eng/knowledge/research/china_dis_issue104.pdf |
| Attachment |
The Chinese Non-ferrous Metals Industry—Energy Use and CO2 Emissions
| Abstract | China is the largest non-ferrous metals producer in the world and largest consumer for six kinds of common nonferrous metals including copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel and tin. This paper provides an overview of the non-ferrous metals industry in China, from a CO2 emissions reduction perspective. It addresses energy use disaggregated by energy carrier and by province. It focuses on an analysis of energy efficiency in the production of aluminum, copper and nickel. A few large-scale enterprises produce most of the aluminum, copper and nickel in China, and use manufacturing facilities that were built within the last 20 years or have recently upgraded their main production equipment and processes. The energy efficiency of these operations is not particularly low compared to international practice. A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) operate non-ferrous metals production facilities which ran low in energy efficiency and therefore are highly energy intensive per unit of physical output. Backward production capacity would be phased out continuously by enforcing the energy intensity norms. Energy Policy 38 (2010) 6475–6484.
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| Author | Wang Yanjia |
| Publisher | |
| Link | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509002158 |
| Series | Energy Policy 38 |
| Attachment |
The Challenge of Reducing Energy Consumption of the Top-1000 Largest Industrial Enterprises in China
| Abstract | In 2005, the Chinese government announced an ambitious goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 20% between 2005 and 2010. One of the key initiatives for realizing this goal is the Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises program. The energy consumption of these 1000 enterprises accounted for 33% of national and 47% of industrial energy usage in 2004. Under the Top-1000 program, 2010 energy consumption targets were determined for each enterprise. The objective of this article is to evaluate the program design and initial results, given limited information and data, to understand the possible implications of its success in terms of energy and carbon dioxide emission reductions and to recommend future program modifications based on international experience with similar target-setting agreement programs. Even though the Top-1000 program was designed and implemented rapidly, it appears that – depending upon the GDP growth rate – it could contribute to somewhere between approximately 10% and 25% of the savings required to support China’s efforts to meet a 20% reduction in energy use per unit of GDP by 2010. |
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| Date | 2010 |
| Author | LynnPrice |
| Publisher | |
| Link | http://eetd.lbl.gov/node/49503 |
| Series | Energy Policy 38, Issue 11 |
| Attachment |
Electricity Demand in the People’s Republic of China: Investment Requirement and Environmental Impact
| Abstract | This paper uses a macroeconomic approach to develop a long-run electricity demand model to analyze the main factors affecting electricity demand in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). As expected, the relationship among variables is more stable and significant after the PRC.s economic reforms (1978), when all factors were more responsive to market forces. An error correction model provides an appropriate framework for forecasting the short-run fluctuations in aggregate electricity demand. The demand elasticity of gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated at about 0.8 after the 1978 economic reforms, lower than that of the pre-reform period (before 1978). The results show that although GDP is still the most important factor for electricity demand, electricity demand is negatively related to structural changes and efficiency improvement. This implies that in a fast growing economy such as the PRC, high GDP growth does not always come with high electricity demand and explains why in 1998, when the PRC had an economic growth rate of 7.8 percent, electricity consumption grew by only 2.8 percent. To meet the forecasted demand growth, the total install capacity incremental is estimated to be 187 GW between 2002-2010, while the required investment costs are estimated to be US$193 billion in 2002 prices. The continued growth of coal-fired power plants will increase the share of the power sector in total sulfur dioxide emission from 50 percent in 2001 to 53 percent in 2005. |
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| Date | 2003 03 |
| Author | Asian Development Bank, ADB |
| Publisher | |
| Link | http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2003/wp037.pdf |
| Series | ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 37 |
| Attachment | Sorry, no attachments exist. |
China’s Power Sector Reforms: Where to Next?
| Abstract | At the International Energy Agency (IEA), we believe that access to modern energy services is essential for the social and economic development of every country and, more broadly, of the global system. Without reliable and affordable electricity, children have no light to study, food spoils, medical care cannot be provided, and the motors that drive industrial productivity remain idle. Making this service available, however, can be difficult – especially in a vast nation like China where more than 1.2 billion people live, dispersed over 3.7 million square miles of land covering mountains, deserts and remote rural areas. China’s rapid pace of economic growth has created a strong appetite for electricity. In the last two years alone, the country has added nearly 117 GW of capacity – approximately equal to the total electricity capacity of France or Canada. No other country has been able to mobilise its resources to achieve such astounding expansion, particularly after initiating reform and unbundling its power sector. The government of China should be commended for this impressive feat. Despite this notable progress, challenges remain. China must be able to balance the pressures of increasing electricity demand with growing concerns about energy security and environmental impact. Its regulatory framework needs to be designed to ensure investment, encourage energy efficiency, minimise cost and reduce emissions – a very tall order in any circumstance! A number of IEA countries have developed energy policies in pursuit of similar goals. Their results have been mixed, but many lessons have been learned. This book aims to draw insights from IEA countries’ experiences that may be useful for policy makers formulating China’s next steps in power sector reform. At the same time, IEA countries can benefit from this analysis of China’s experience in building one of the world’s largest power sectors. In this increasingly global society, the more we learn from each other, the better we can prepare for a sustainable energy future. |
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| Date | 2006 |
| Author | |
| Publisher | International Energy Agency |
| Link | http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/chinapower.pdf |
| Attachment | Sorry, no attachments exist. |