Archive for 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors

A Review of Emerging Energy-efficiency and CO2 Emission-reduction Technologies for Cement and Concrete Production

Abstract Globally, the cement industry accounts for approximately 5 percent of current man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Development of new energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies and their deployment in the market will be key for the cement industry’s mid- and long-term climate change mitigation strategies. This paper is an initial effort to compile the available information on process description, energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, commercialization status, and references for emerging technologies to reduce the cement industry’s energy use and CO2 emissions. This paper consolidates available information on eighteen emerging technologies for the cement industry, with the goal of providing engineers, researchers, investors, cement companies, policy makers, and other interested parties with easy access to a well-structured database of information on these technologies.
Date 2012
Author Hasanbeigi, Ali
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-5745e-cement-ee-techjune-2012.pdf
Series LBNL Report 5745E
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.3 Cement and Concrete, Uncategorized

Emerging Energy-efficiency and CO2 Emission-reduction Technologies for Cement and Concrete Production

Abstract Globally, the cement industry accounts for approximately 5 percent of current anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. World cement demand and production are increasing significantly, leading to an increase in this industry’s absolute energy use and CO2 emissions. Development of new energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies and their deployment in the market will be key for the cement industry’s mid- and long-term climate change mitigation strategies. This report is an initial effort to compile available information on process description, energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, commercialization status, and references for emerging technologies to reduce the cement industry’s energy use and CO2 emissions. Although studies from around the world identify a variety of sector-specific and cross-cutting energy-efficiency technologies for the cement industry that have already been commercialized, information is scarce and/or scattered regarding emerging or advanced energy-efficiency and low-carbon technologies that are not yet commercialized. This report consolidates available information on nineteen emerging technologies for the cement industry, with the goal of providing engineers, researchers, investors, cement companies, policy makers, and other interested parties with easy access to a well-structured database of information on these technologies.
Date 2012 04
Author Hasanbeigi, Ali
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/Cement_Concrete_Guidebook_0.pdf
Series LBNL Report 5434E
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.3 Cement and Concrete

Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Steel Production in China

Abstract  In 1996, China manufactured just over 100 Mtonnes of steel and became the world’s largest steel producer. Official Chinese energy consumption statistics for the steel industry include activities not directly associated with the production of steel, “double-count” some coal-based energy consumption, and do not cover the entire Chinese steelmaking industry. In this paper, we make adjustments to the reported statistical data in order to provide energy use values for steel production in China that are comparable to statistics used internationally. We find that for 1996, official statistics need to be reduced by 1365 PJ to account for non-steel production activities and double-counting. Official statistics also need to be increased by 415 PJ in order to include steelmaking energy use of small plants not included in official statistics. This leads to an overall reduction of 950 PJ for steelmaking in China in 1996. Thus, the official final energy use value of 4018 PJ drops to 3067 PJ. In primary energy terms, the official primary energy use value of 4555 PJ is reduced to 3582 PJ when these adjustments are made.
Date 2001 05
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbnl-47205-steel-co2may-2001.pdf
Series Report LBNL-47205
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

Voluntary Agreements for Increasing Energy-Efficiency in Industry: Case Study of a Pilot Project with the Steel Industry in Shandong Province, China (Proceedings of the 2003 American Council for An Energy-Efficient Economy’s Summer Study on Energy-Efficiency in Industry)

Abstract This paper describes international experience with the use of Voluntary Agreements for increasing industrial sector energy-efficiency, drawing lessons learned regarding the essential elements of the more successful programs. The paper focuses on a pilot project for implementation of a Voluntary Agreement with two steel mills in Shandong Province that was developed through international collaboration with experts in China, the Netherlands, and the U.S. Designing the pilot project involved development of approaches for energy-efficiency potential assessments for the steel mills, target-setting to establish the Voluntary Agreement energy-efficiency goals, preparing energy-efficiency plans for implementation of energy-saving technologies and measures, and monitoring and evaluating the project’s energy savings.
Date 2003
Author American Council for An Energy-Efficient Economy
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/publications/voluntary-agreements-increasing-ene-0
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

Development of an Energy Conservation Voluntary Agreement Pilot Project in the Steel Sector in Shandong Province: Report to the State Economic and Trade Commission, People’s Republic of China

Abstract Voluntary Agreements were chosen by the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) as a new policy mechanism to test in China’s industrial sector where the movement toward a market economy is demanding innovative methods for supporting and transforming essential enterprises. Analysis of the potential for energy efficiency improvement in various energy-intensive industrial sectors in China led to the choice of the iron and steel industry for a pilot project to evaluate this new concept. SETC chose Jinan Iron and Steel Company (Jigang) and Laiwu Iron and Steel Company (Laigang) to test this innovative policy mechanism. The Pilot Project has been developed collaboratively with representatives from Jigang and Laigang, SETC, and the Shandong Economic and Trade Commission (ETC). 7 This report provides information on international experience with Voluntary Agreements and then provides methodologies and guidelines for developing and implementing a pilot Energy Conservation Voluntary Agreement with the two steel enterprises in Shandong Province.
Date 2003 01
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl_51608_va_shandong_steel.jan_.2003_2.pdf
Series Report LBNL-51608
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

Designing Energy Conservation Voluntary Agreements for the Industrial Sector in China: Experience from a Pilot Project with Two Steel Mills in Shandong Province

Abstract China faces a significant challenge in the years ahead to continue to provide essential materials and products for a rapidly growing economy while addressing pressing environmental concerns. China’s industrial sector consumes about 70% of the nation’s total energy each year and is heavily dependent on the country’s abundant, yet polluting, coal resources. Industrial production locally pollutes the air with emissions of criteria pollutants, uses scarce water and oil resources, emits greenhouse gases contributing to climate change, and produces wastes. Fostering innovative approaches that are tailored to China’s emerging market-based political economy to reduce the use of polluting energy resources and to diminish pollution from industrial production is one of the most important challenges facing the nation today. The use of Voluntary Agreements as a policy for increasing energy-efficiency in industry, which has been a popular approach in many industrialized countries since the early 1990s, is being tested for use in China through a pilot project with two steel mills in Shandong Province. The pilot project was developed through international collaboration with experts in China, the Netherlands, and the U.S. Designing the pilot project involved development of approaches for energy-efficiency potential assessments for the steel mills, target-setting to establish the Voluntary Agreement energy-efficiency goals, preparing energy-efficiency plans for implementation of energy-saving technologies and measures, and monitoring and evaluating the project’s energy savings.
Date 2004 05
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-54879-industrial-vamay-2004.pdf
Series LBNL Report 54879
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

A Comparison of Iron and Steel Production Energy Intensity in China and the U.S

Abstract

The goal of this study was to develop a methodology for making an accurate comparison of the energy intensity of steel production in China and the U.S. The methodology addresses issues related to boundary definitions, conversion factors, and industry structure. In addition to the base case analysis, six scenarios were developed to assess the effect of different factors such as the share of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel production, conversion factors for the embodied energy of imported and exported intermediary and auxiliary products, and the differences in net calorific values of the fuels. The results of the analysis show that for the whole iron and steel production process, the final energy intensity in 2006 was equal to 14.90 GJ/tonne crude steel in the U.S. and 23.11 GJ/tonne crude steel in China in the base scenario. In another scenario that assumed the Chinese share of electric arc furnace production in 2006 (i.e. 10.5%) in the U.S., the energy intensity of steel production in the U.S. increased by 54% to 22.96 GJ/tonne crude steel. Thus, when comparing the energy intensity of the U.S and Chinese steel industry, the structure of the industry should be taken into account.
Date 2012
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbl-5746e-steel-ei-comparisonjune-2012.pdf
Series LBNL Report 5746E
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

Advances in Energy Conservation of China Steel Industry

Abstract The course, technical progresses, and achievements of energy conservation of China steel industry (CSI) during 1980–2010 were summarized. Then, the paper adopted e-p method to analyze the variation law and influencing factors of energy consumptions of large- and medium-scale steel plants within different stages. It is pointed out that energy consumption per ton of crude steel has been almost one half lower in these thirty years, with 60% as direct energy conservation owing to the change of process energy consumption and 40% as indirect energy conservation attributed to the adjustment of production structure. Next, the latest research progress of some key common technologies in CSI was introduced. Also, the downtrend of energy consumption per ton of crude steel and the potential energy conservation for CSI during 2011–2025 were forecasted. Finally, it is indicated that the key topic of the next 15 years’ research on the energy conservation of CSI is the synergistic operation of material flow and energy flow. It could be achieved by the comprehensive study on energy flow network optimization, such as production, allocation, utilization, recovery, reuse, and resource, according to the energy quantity, quality, and user demand following the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
Date 2013 01
Author Wenqiang Sun, Jiuju Cai
Publisher State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute of Thermal and Environmental Engineering
Link http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/247035/
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3 Energy Efficiency Measures in Key Industrial Sectors, 8.3.2 Steel, Iron and other Metallurgy

Constraining Energy Consumption of China’s Largest Industrial Enterprises Through Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprise Program (Proceedings of the 2007 American Council for An Energy-Efficient Economy’s Summer Study on Energy-Efficiency in Industry )

Abstract Between 1980 and 2000, China’s energy efficiency policies resulted in a decoupling of the traditionally linked relationship between energy use and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, realizing a four-fold increase in GDP with only a doubling of energy use. However, during China’s transition to a market-based economy in the 1990s, many of the country’s energy efficiency programs were dismantled and between 2001 and 2005 China’s energy use increased significantly, growing at about the same rate as GDP. Continuation of this one-to-one ratio of energy consumption to GDP – given China’s stated goal of again quadrupling GDP between 2000 and 2020 – will lead to significant demand for energy, most of which is coal-based. The resulting local, national, and global environmental impacts could be substantial. In 2005, realizing the significance of this situation, the Chinese government announced an ambitious goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% between 2005 and 2010. One of the key initiatives for realizing this goal is the Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises program. The comprehensive energy consumption of these 1000 enterprises accounted for 33% of national and 47% of industrial energy usage in 2004. Under the Top-1000 program, 2010 energy consumption targets were announced for each enterprise. Activities to be undertaken include benchmarking, energy audits, development of energy saving action plans, information and training workshops, and annual reporting of energy consumption. This paper will describe the program in detail, including the types of enterprises included and the program activities, and will provide an analysis of the progress and lessons learned to date.
Date 2007 06
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbl-62874-top1000-programjune-2007.pdf
Series LBNL Report 62874
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3.1 Top 1000 Energy Consuming Companies

China’s Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises Program: Reducing Energy Consumption of the 1000 Largest Industrial Enterprises in China

Abstract In 2005, the Chinese government announced an ambitious goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% between 2005 and 2010. One of the key initiatives for realizing this goal is the Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises program. The energy consumption of these 1000 enterprises accounted for 33% of national and 47% of industrial energy usage in 2004. Under the Top-1000 program, 2010 energy consumption targets were determined for each enterprise. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the program design and initial results, given limited information and data, in order to understand the possible implications of its success in terms of energy and carbon dioxide emissions reductions and to recommend future program modifications based on international experience with similar target-setting agreement programs. Even though the Top-1000 Program was designed and implemented rapidly, it appears that – depending upon the GDP growth rate — it could contribute to somewhere between approximately 10% and 25% of the savings required to support China’s efforts to meet a 20% reduction in energy use per unit of GDP by 2010.
Date 2008
Author Price, Lynn
Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Link http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbl-519e-top1000-programjune-2008.pdf
Series LBNL Report LBNL-519E
Attachment
8 Energy Intensive Industries, 8.3.1 Top 1000 Energy Consuming Companies